Archaeologists, historians of religion, and Qur’anic exegetes now collaborate to understand the story’s origins in Late Antique milieu — a world saturated with Alexander legends, Persian imperial memory, and apocalyptic literature. Qur’an does not explicitly name Dhul-Qarnayn or situate him in a specific historical era, his story has captivated theologians, historians, and archaeologists for over fourteen centuries. This article explores the Qur’anic narrative of Dhul-Qarnayn, analyzes the theological and symbolic dimensions of his story, and reviews the major historical identifications proposed by scholars — from Alexander the Great to pre-Islamic Persian kings — while also addressing why his identity remains unresolved. Dhul-Qarnayn’s most famous act is building the barrier against Yajouj and Majouj — tribes associated with chaos and destruction in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic apocalyptic literature. Dhul-Qarnayn is not a prophet, but a righteous ruler granted authority by God.
Byzantine Empire and various Islamic caliphates maintained diplomatic and economic relations that often transcended religious divides. These interactions included the exchange of gifts, scholarly works, and artisans, fostering mutual understanding and respect. Encouraging conversations between religious groups can reduce misunderstandings and build trust. Educational programs, community events, and collaborative projects can serve as platforms for meaningful exchange. The strong positive relations between Muslims and Christians throughout history demonstrate that coexistence and cooperation are not only possible but fruitful. These mutual interactions have opened new horizons of knowledge, culture, and understanding, enriching societies across time. From the early days of Islam, there were notable instances of respectful and constructive interactions between Muslims and Christians.
Perhaps the most celebrated period of Muslim-Jewish harmony occurred in medieval Spain (Al-Andalus) from the 8th to 15th centuries. Jewish scholars like Moses Maimonides (1135-1204 CE) wrote most of their influential philosophical works in Arabic, the language of scholarship. Maimonides' "Guide for the Perplexed," written in Judeo-Arabic (Arabic written in Hebrew script), sought to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy with Jewish theology, drawing heavily on Islamic philosophical traditions. Cities like Córdoba, Toledo, and Granada became centers where Muslim, Jewish, and Christian scholars collaborated in translating ancient Greek texts into Arabic and Hebrew, preserving knowledge that might otherwise have been lost. The periods of genuine cooperation between Muslims and Jews were not merely exceptions to an otherwise conflictual relationship but represent sustained historical realities that shaped the development of both civilizations.
Modern Japanese society grapples with ethical challenges related to consumerism, workplace stress, and moral ambiguity. Islamic doctrine offers a comprehensive ethical framework grounded in justice, honesty, compassion, and accountability to God and society. These values guide individuals to live balanced, purposeful lives. One of the foundational principles in Islam is the concept of Ummah—a global community bound by mutual care, respect, and responsibility. This emphasis on community cohesion directly counters the growing phenomenon of social isolation and loneliness seen in Japan, where many individuals live solitary lives and social ties have weakened. Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety are rising in Japan, often exacerbated by social isolation and high-pressure environments. In an era marked by rapid technological advancement, socio-economic shifts, and cultural transformation, modern Japanese society faces a variety of complex challenges.
However, Khazai shows in this book that, contrary to Marx’s theory, a type of feudal system was formed during the Sasanian era and Iran was in the process of transitioning to the capitalist era. He considers the main cause of the creation of Eastern despotism in Iran to be the invasion of foreign tribes, especially the Arabs. By suppressing the landed, military, and clerical aristocracy, the Arabs weakened the ruling classes and transferred the government from the hands of the nobility to the hands of centralized and absolute kings. He also introduces the attacks of the Central Asian Turks as another factor in the continuation of Iran's historical decline. The Turks destroyed not only the aristocracy, but also the middle class of landowners (peasants) and transformed Iranian society into a mass structure. The book "Sassanian Iran" as one of the outstanding research works in the criticism of Marxist theories has a special place among historical studies and political science.
By studying the architectural styles and structures that have withstood time—some preserved, some altered, and others lost—readers gain a deeper understanding of how communities can express their identity through built environments. For architects, planners, and environmentally conscious individuals worldwide, these lessons are invaluable in an era where climate change demands more sustainable urban solutions. This perspective can inspire architects and urban developers globally to value authenticity over superficial aesthetics, promoting architecture that resonates with local identity and heritage. Such educational resources enrich global knowledge and promote empathy between peoples by highlighting unique yet universally human experiences expressed through architecture. In an interconnected world, understanding the relationship between culture, environment, and architecture is critical for building more inclusive, sustainable, and meaningful places to live.
It opens with an exploration of the practical advantages of green buildings, underscoring how sustainable architecture is not merely an environmental necessity but also an economically advantageous strategy. By presenting evidence of cost-effectiveness and profitability, the book dispels the common myth that green construction is prohibitively expensive. This economic perspective is crucial for stakeholders worldwide who seek to balance ecological responsibility with financial feasibility. By making cutting-edge international data and strategies accessible to Persian-speaking and global audiences, the book democratizes knowledge regarding green materials and environmentally friendly construction methods. Perhaps the most compelling contribution of this book lies in its detailed review of contemporary green architecture in developed countries. To innovate responsibly and create buildings that harmonize with the environment. Investing in this knowledge today is investing for future!
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