Sasanian Iran, Iranian feudalism or Eastern despotism?

(Persian - hardcopy version)

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In his book “Sassanian Iran,” Khazai criticized Marx and Engels’ theory of Eastern despotism and presented his view on the formation of political structures in Iran. Marx and Engels attributed the formation of despotic states in the East, including Iran, to the lack of water resources and the dispersion of residential units, and believed that these conditions prevented the formation of feudalism and capitalism in the East. According to this theory, the East always remained in the structure of Eastern despotism and lacked a historical development similar to Europe. The book "Sassanian Iran" as one of the outstanding research works in the criticism of Marxist theories has a special place among historical studies and political science and offers new perspectives on the historical developments of Iran. The Turks destroyed not only the aristocracy, but also the middle class of landowners (peasants) and transformed Iranian society into a mass structure.

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Zia Khazaei was born in Zabol, Sistan & Baluchistan province, Iran in 1969. In the mid-1970s, he received his bachelor's and master's degrees in political science from the University of Tehran and then began his career as the head of the Sistan and Baluchestan Provincial Research Center. Since 1999, Zia Khazaei has been teaching and researching as a faculty member at Zahedan Islamic Azad University. He has been the director of the political science department and the sociology department (master's degree) of this university for 10 years.

After that, he went to Tajikistan to continue his doctoral studies and graduated from the Tajik Academy of Sciences and Research with a degree in political philosophy.

Khazaei has written two research books so far:

1. The Bakhtiar State in Thirty-Seven Days.

2. Sasanian Iran; Iranian Feudalism or Eastern Despotism.

structure of Eastern despotism

Khazai criticized Marx and Engels’ theory

▪️In his book “Sassanian Iran,” Khazai criticized Marx and Engels’ theory of Eastern despotism and presented his view on the formation of political structures in Iran. Marx and Engels attributed the formation of despotic states in the East, including Iran, to the lack of water resources and the dispersion of residential units, and believed that these conditions prevented the formation of feudalism and capitalism in the East. According to this theory, the East always remained in the structure of Eastern despotism and lacked a historical development similar to Europe.

▪️However, Khazai shows in this book that, contrary to Marx’s theory, a type of feudal system was formed during the Sasanian era and Iran was in the process of transitioning to the capitalist era. He considers the main cause of the creation of Eastern despotism in Iran to be the invasion of foreign tribes, especially the Arabs. By suppressing the landed, military, and clerical aristocracy, the Arabs weakened the ruling classes and transferred the government from the hands of the nobility to the hands of centralized and absolute kings.

▪️He also introduces the attacks of the Central Asian Turks as another factor in the continuation of Iran's historical decline. The Turks destroyed not only the aristocracy, but also the middle class of landowners (peasants) and transformed Iranian society into a mass structure.

▪️The book "Sassanian Iran" as one of the outstanding research works in the criticism of Marxist theories has a special place among historical studies and political science and offers new perspectives on the historical developments of Iran.

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